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A horn speaker is a loudspeaker which uses a horn (acoustic) to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element, typically a diaphragm driven by an electromagnet. The horn itself is a passive component and does not amplify the sound from the driving element as such, but rather improves the coupling efficiency between the speaker driver and the air. The horn can be thought of as an "acoustic transformer" that provides acoustic impedance impedance matching between the relatively dense diaphragm material (typically made of paper or, more recently, more exotic materials such as aluminum, titanium, or mylar) and the air (which has a very low density).

This is important because the difference in densities and motional characteristics of the air and of the driving element is a mismatch. The part of the horn next to the speaker cone "driver" is called the "throat" and the large part farthest away from the speaker cone is called the "mouth".

Operation looking into an Edison Bell cylinder phonograph with a horn speaker.

Acoustic horns convert large pressure variations with a small displacement into a low pressure variation with a large displacement and vice versa. It does this through the gradual, often exponential increase of the cross sectional area of the horn. The small cross-sectional area of the throat restricts the passage of air thus presenting a high impedance to the driver. This allows the driver to develop a high pressure for a given displacement. Therefore the sound waves at the throat are of high pressure and low displacement. The tapered shape of the horn allows the sound waves to gradually decompress (and therefore increase in displacement) until they reach the mouth, where they are of a low pressure but large displacement.

The most well known early horn speakers are those on mechanical phonographs, where the record moves a heavy metal needle that excites vibrations in a small metal diaphragm (acoustics) that acts as the driver for a horn. A famous example is the horn through which Nipper the RCA dog hears "His Master's Voice". The horn improves the loading and thus gets a better "coupling" of energy from the diaphragm into the air, and the pressure variations therefore get smaller as the volume expands and the sound travels up the horn.

A modern electrically driven horn speaker works the same way, replacing the mechanically excited diaphragm with a dynamic or piezoelectric speaker.

Improvements on basic designs The physics (and mathematics) of horn operation were developed for many years, reaching considerable sophistication before WWII.

As a cone (geometry) shape of fixed length would resonate at the natural frequency of its length, modern horn designs typically feature some form of exponential flare, such as the tractrix taper. Roughly speaking, the slower the flare rate, the deeper and lower frequencies the horn will reproduce for a given length of horn. For example, a horn area growth rate of 30% per foot will allow reproduction down to about 30 Hertz; 1000% per foot (10 times area) per foot provides midrange reproduction; 100 times area per foot is used in high frequency horns.

Modern high output horns also make the throat area of the horn smaller than the cone diaphram area. This is called the "loading" or "compression" ratio of the horn. The compression ratio is the cone area divided by the throat area. Typically for bass and midrange frequency the compression ratio is from (1.5 to 1) low compression to normal compression (2 to 1) to high compression (3.5 to 1). High frequency tweeters sometimes have compression ratios as high as 10 to 1.

The higher the compression the greater the horn's ability to properly couple the diaphragm to the air at the horn's mouth, increasing efficiency, until the compression ratio is so high that it actually begins to impede cone motion. At this point the maximum sound output power from the horn (at a given distortion) will be reduced. To demonstrate this at an extreme, place a cone woofer face down on a concrete floor. The compression ratio will be very high, however sound output from the back of the speaker will be quite low.

A recent variant on horn design is the Speaker_enclosure#Multiple_entry_horn which incorporates multiple bandpass drivers whose diaphragms all exit into a single horn but at differing distances depending on the bandpass. High frequency drivers are at the horn's throat while lower frequency drivers are are ported closer to the horn mouth. Servodrive, Renkus-Heinz, Yorkville Sound and Danley Sound Labs offer speakers with configurations like this, called variously Coentrant Horn, Unity Horn or Tapped Horn. Depending on implementation, more linear transient response and smoother polar patterns are possible. These enclosures are more easily combined in arrays for public address applications. http://www.danleysoundlabs.com/pdf/danley_tapped.pdf

Applications Horn speakers are used in many audio applications, since use of a horn reduces the need for exotic speaker cone materials and construction, eg, to be as lightweight and rigid as possible. The drivers in horn speakers can be very small, even for bass frequency where conventional speakers would need to be very large for equivalent performance. Horn speakers can be designed to reproduce a wide range of frequencies using a single, small driver; to some extent these designs avoid the need for a audio crossover entirely.Lowther, Fostex, and Goodmans are firms which have produced such speakers.

Horn speakers can provide very high efficiencies, making them a good match for very low-powered amplifiers, such as single-ended triode amps or other vacuum tube amplifiers. After WWII, some early hi-fi fans went so far as to build low frequency horns whose mouths took up much of a wall of the listening room. The throats were sometimes outside on the lawn, or in the basement. With the coming of stereo in the 1960s, this approach became impossible even for the most dedicated fans. those with domestic appearance concerns had never been able to use such large constructions in any case.

Some audiophiles use horn speakers for audio reproduction, while others eschew horn systems for their harmonic resonances (finding them an unpleasant form of distortion). Since there are a variety of horn designs (of differing length, material, and taper, as well as different drivers) it is, to some extent, impossible to give such blanket characterizations to horn speakers generally.

Public address and concert use Horn speakers can also be used to provide the very high sound pressure levels needed for sound reinforcement and public address applications, although in these high sound pressure applications, high fidelity is sometimes compromised for the sake of the necessary efficiency, and also for the controlled dispersion characteristics which are generally required in most large volume spaces. A new method of counteracting some of the horn distortions has been pioneered by Dave Gunness at EAW. EAW horn-loaded loudspeakers that have been processed with this proprietary system show reduced distortion while retaining high output power and controlled dispersion.http://www.eaw.com/info/EAW/Technical_Papers/NT_Whitepaper.pdf

Concert venues often use large arrays of horn speakers for high-volume bass reproduction ("bass bins" or subwoofers), in order to provide bass that concertgoers can not only hear but feel. Combining multiple horn speakers in an array affords the same benefits as having a single horn with a greater mouth area but with the greater power of multiple drivers. The low frequency cut-off goes lower.

See also

Notes External links

The Frugal-Horns Site - open source horn projects

Loudspeakers & Hi-Fi Systems - Welcome to Ferguson Hill
Ferguson Hill a new breed of British hi-fi specialist setting new standards in high end audio. FHOO1 Horn Speaker : The Ferguson Hill Loudspeakers are full range units from 150Hz ...

Horn speaker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A horn speaker is a loudspeaker which uses a horn to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element, typically a diaphragm driven by an electromagnet.

Speakerplans.com
... Readers Projects System Photos Guide Links FAQ Forum: Horn Plans - 1850 Horn: Ready made 1850 horns now available, click here for details ©

Tweeter : Horn Tweeters - Speaker Component
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Driver / Horn : Wood Radial Horn - Speaker Components
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PA Speakers: Henrys Public Address Equipment Catogue
full range of public address equipment including amplifier, microphones, megaphones, speakers, ceiling speakers, mobile amplifiers

The unofficial Vitavox website- System 191
Since the late 1940’s Vitavox produced a licensed version of Klipschorn corner horn using their own drive units, mid horns and crossovers but with the bass horn designed by Paul ...

TOA SC-615M outdoor paging horn speaker white from Wedgwood AV Ltd
TOA SC-615M outdoor paging horn speaker white plus over 10,000 AV products. ... TOA SC-615M outdoor paging horn speaker white. TOA SC615M plastic horn. Toa SC-615 is a compact 15 ...

TOA SC-630M outdoor paging horn speaker white from Wedgwood AV Ltd
TOA SC-630M outdoor paging horn speaker white plus over 10,000 AV products. ... TOA SC-630M outdoor paging horn speaker white. TOA SC630M plastic horn. Toa SC-630 is a 30 Watt ...